An X post from Jack Dorsey revived an old question: Is Bitcoin part of “crypto” or a category of its own?
On Oct. 19, 2025, Jack Dorsey posted three words on X: “bitcoin is not crypto.” The post quickly drew attention across the platform and in media coverage. It reflected a view he has long maintained, that Bitcoin should be regarded as money with its own rules and history, not included in the broader token market.
Dorsey argues that Bitcoin (BTC) belongs in a separate category. It was launched without a foundation or premine and is governed conservatively. The network is designed for payments and savings, unlike smart contract platforms and app tokens that evolve quickly and serve multiple use cases.
Let’s unpack the argument.
To understand why, it helps to look at how Bitcoin’s design, governance and regulation differ from the rest of the crypto world.
Did you know? El Salvador became the first country to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender. The law was passed on June 9, 2021, and took effect on Sept. 7, 2021.
Monetary Policy and Issuance: Fixed Rules vs. Flexible Policy
Starting with supply, Bitcoin’s issuance follows a fixed schedule, while most other networks treat supply as a tunable feature.
New coins are issued as block rewards, which halve roughly every 210,000 blocks until the total supply reaches 21 million BTC. The fourth halving occurred at block 840,000 in April 2024, reducing the reward from 6.25 BTC to 3.125 BTC. Each reduction makes miners depend more on transaction fees and less on new issuance.
Changing Bitcoin’s issuance would require overwhelming social consensus among users running nodes, allowing investors to model supply years in advance. That predictability remains a core part of its “store-of-value” appeal.
Most other networks approach monetary policy as a design choice. Take Ethereum, for example: Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) 1559 introduced a base-fee burn that reduces net issuance when demand is high, and the Merge update shifted the network to proof-of-stake (PoS), lowering gross issuance. Together, these changes create a supply model that adjusts dynamically with network activity.
That flexibility can enhance the user experience and enable new features, while Bitcoin’s rigidity is meant to preserve monetary credibility.
Consensus and Security Budgets: PoW Minimalism vs. PoS Upgrade Velocity
How a blockchain secures itself shapes everything that follows. Bitcoin pays for security with work, while proof-of-stake (PoS) systems pay with stake.
On Bitcoin, miners use energy to add blocks, and full nodes enforce a small, conservative set of rules. Its scripting language is intentionally simple and not Turing-complete. Fewer moving parts mean fewer chances for things to break, which is why base-layer changes are rare and carefully limited.
As the block reward continues to halve, miner revenue gradually shifts from new coins to transaction fees — Bitcoin’s long-term “security budget.” That raises important questions for the future, such as how incentives will hold up during low-fee periods. It also shows why surges in activity that push fees higher, along with steady usage on layers like Lightning Network, matter for miner economics.
Many crypto platforms, most notably Ethereum, use PoS. Validators lock up Ether (ETH), earn rewards for proposing and attesting to blocks and can be penalized for misbehavior. This model has allowed quicker upgrades: The Merge in 2022 switched to PoS, Shapella (2023) enabled withdrawals and EIP-4844 (2024) reduced data costs for rollups.
Bitcoin prioritizes security, stability and minimal change at its base layer, while most PoS networks emphasize faster upgrades and higher throughput.
Did you know? A 2010 bug briefly created 184 billion BTC before the chain was rolled back in a 53-block reorganization. The “value overflow” incident remains Bitcoin’s largest reorg. The second-largest occurred in 2013 during a software incompatibility between versions 0.7 and 0.8 and spanned 24 blocks.
Governance and Culture: “Ossify vs. Optimize” in Practice
Who changes the rules, how quickly and how safely? Bitcoin evolves slowly by design, while app-focused chains prioritize speed and flexibility.
Bitcoin changes slowly by design. Proposals begin as Bitcoin Improvement Proposals, undergo public argument and only proceed when developers, miners and node operators broadly signal support. There is no onchain vote or foundation directing decisions. Upgrades are typically shipped as soft forks, preserving compatibility for older nodes.
The Taproot upgrade used the “Speedy Trial” signalling mechanism in 2021, achieving lock-in in June and activating at block 709,632 on Nov. 14, 2021. The drawn-out process gave developers, miners and node operators time to coordinate and reduce activation risk. That cadence (few changes, lots of deliberation) is what people mean by Bitcoin “ossifying.”
Smart contract platforms take the opposite approach. Ethereum introduces changes through the EIP process, following a steady release cycle — e.g., post-Merge withdrawals and proto-danksharding to reduce data costs.
Different aim, different tempo: Bitcoin protects monetary credibility through conservative edits, while app-focused chains emphasize delivering new features and maintaining developer activity.
Did you know? A significant share of BTC may be lost forever. Chainalysis-based estimates suggest roughly 2.3 million-3.7 million BTC is permanently lost — a double-digit percentage of the 21 million supply cap.
What Runs on Top: Payments vs. General-Purpose Apps
Bitcoin keeps the base layer small: unspent transaction output (UTXO) accounting, a limited stack-based script (intentionally not Turing-complete) and relatively modest logic beyond that.
Much of Bitcoin’s payment activity is moving to second-layer networks such as the Lightning Network. It uses bidirectional channels and Hash Time Locked Contracts (HTLCs) to route instant, low-fee payments without changing base-layer rules. Everyday transactions happen offchain, while settlement remains anchored to the main network.
Smart contract platforms take the opposite approach. Ethereum supports rich, stateful contracts on its layer 1 and encourages composability — decentralized finance (DeFi), non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and onchain games building on top of one another. This approach enables faster experimentation but depends on a flexible, regularly upgraded base layer.
Bitcoin still experiments at the edges. The launch of Ordinals and Runes around the 2024 halving pushed fees to record highs, boosting miner revenue and providing a real-world test of fee-driven security. Crucially, none of it changed Bitcoin’s monetary rules or minimalist layer-1 design. The pattern holds: Keep the base stable and let new activity grow on top or alongside.
Market Structure and What It Means: BTC’s Separate Bucket
Exchange-traded funds (ETFs), options and flow data suggest that institutions treat Bitcoin differently from the rest of the crypto market.
On Jan. 10, 2024, the US Securities and Exchange Commission approved rule changes allowing exchanges to list and trade spot Bitcoin exchange-traded products (ETPs). The decision brought BTC to mainstream venues, including the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Arca, Nasdaq and the Chicago Board Options Exchange (Cboe).
These are the same platforms used by brokerages, registered investment advisers (RIAs) and pension funds. Whatever you call the asset class, retirement and wealth platforms now have a dedicated lane for Bitcoin.
Market infrastructure expanded from there. By late 2024, US regulators had approved options on spot Bitcoin ETFs and Cboe launched index options tied to a basket of those funds. In short, it’s risk transfer and price discovery using tools that institutions already understand — something most tokens still lack.
The flow data made that shift clear. Throughout 2024 and 2025, creations and redemptions in the new funds became a daily fixture, with dashboards tracking assets and net flows. Investors were gaining Bitcoin exposure through traditional wrappers rather than crypto-native venues.
Policy signals point in the same direction. US derivatives regulators have long classified Bitcoin as a commodity. In 2025, staff from the US SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission noted that registered exchanges could facilitate trading in certain spot commodity crypto products.
Taken together, the distribution channels, hedging tools, flow reporting and regulatory labels make a strong case for Jack’s “bitcoin is not crypto” argument. Markets have already put it in a separate bucket.